The battle over Papua's natural resources was stepped up in June, when a coalition of 20 Papuan civil society organisations demanded a halt to forest exploitation licences until draft regulations on indigenous rights to manage natural resources have been passed.
The church, community, indigenous organisations and NGOs issued their demand at a meeting in Jakarta. A press release issued internationally by UK-based EIA, the Papua NGO Forum (Foker) and Bogor-based Telapak, highlighted the threats faced by Papua's forests: large scale pulpwood, oil palm and other biofuel crop plantations; legal and illegal logging; and a licence to cut down trees 1km either side of a 1,650km long 'Trans Papua' road.1
"Our forests have been exploited for decades", said Malamoi indigenous leader Jhohanis Gifelem, "but Papuans have not benefited. In the Malamoi area, there are at least two oil palm plantations as well as logging. Now the natural forests, which have provided a source of livelihood for generations, are prone to floods and landslides instead. Local people want the government to withdraw licences for the logging and plantations and are asking for support to manage the forests sustainably instead. 2
The executive director of Indonesia's forest concessionaires association (APHI), Nanang Rofandi Ahmad, said that HPH and HTI concession holders in Papua had contributed a lot to local people. "We give compensation for each cubic metre cut" he said.
But last year Papuan government advisor Agus Sumule reported that despite high earning from the forestry sector, forest areas in Papua have the highest per capita poverty rates in Indonesia. Although forestry is Papua's second biggest revenue earner (5.24% of total export values, or 59.42% of export values without the Freeport mine), almost 70% of households inside forest areas are estimated to be poor, compared to 55% outside.3
Nanang added that companies would seek legal protection from the government against any policy to cancel their licences, if this hurt company interests.4
Sawit Watch, the Indonesia NGO network working on oil palm issues, puts oil palm expansion plans for Papua (both provinces) at 3 million hectares. Around 9 million ha of forests are allocated for conversion to plantations and other uses. Only about 18 million hectares of forests are estimated to remain intact on around 40 million hectares of land officially designated as forest. Greenpeace and EIA-Telapak have both issued substantial reports highlighting the break-neck speed of forest destruction there.5
The EIA/Foker/Telapak press release explains that Perdasi (provincial regional regulations) will be used to deal with the technicalities of implementing community-based forest management in Papua. However, these can't be issued until the draft Perdasus (special regional regulation) on Papuan's rights to manage their natural resources is passed.
Perdasus derive from Papua's Special Autonomy law of 2001. There are currently 21 draft Perdasus and Perdasi listed on the Papua government's website.6 These include draft regulations on the protection of Papuan intellectual property rights, mining, sustainable forestry, indigenous Papuans' collective and individual rights over land, environmental conservation, indigenous Papuans and natural resources use, as well as indigenous Papuan forest management.
However, according to Papua's Special Autonomy law, Perdasus and Perdasi are both subject to 'repressive supervision' by the central government in Jakarta. The law's explanatory notes say that the government can invalidate Perdasus and Perdasi if they are contradictory to higher ranking legislation or to the general interest of the people of Papua.7
| | |||
| Company | Location | Concession (ha) | Actual (ha) |
| Oil palm: | |||
| PT Tunas Sawah Erma | Boven Digoel | 14.500 | 8,700 |
| PT Sumber Indah Perkasa* | Jayapura | 6,510 | 10,189 |
| PT Sinar Kencana Inti Perkasa* | Jayapura | 15,644 | 10,189 |
| PTPN II | Keeroem | 57,000 | 10,700 |
| PT Bumi Irian Perkasa | Keeroem | 2,000 | 1,400 |
| PT Merauke Sawit Jaya | Merauke | 35,297 | 200 |
| PT Puragi Agroindo | S. Sorong | 40,000 | Preparing site |
| PT Harvest Raya | Nabire | 22,400 | Preparing site |
| PT Sinar Kencana Inti Perkasa* | Jayapura | 5,000 | Preparing site |
| PT Gaharu Prima Lestari | Sarmi | 30,000 | Preparing site |
| PT Rimba Matoa Lestar | Jayapura | 29,000 | Preparing site |
| PT Pusaka Agro Lestari | Mimika | 39,000 | Preparing site |
| PT Tandan Sawita Papua | Keerom | 26,300 | Preparing site |
| PT Sawit Nusa Timur | Merauke | 30,000 | Plantation Operation Permit process |
| Cacao | |||
| PT Turni Papua Perkasa Jaya | Keerom | 5,500 | 500 |
| PT Korina Jaya | Jayapura | 400 | - |
| Sago | |||
| PT ANJ Agri Papua | S. Sorong | 50,000 | Preparing site |
| PT Nusa Ethanolasia | Bintuni | 50,000 | Preparing site |
Notes:
1 Press release in Indonesian at www.fokerlsmpapua.org/foker/berita/artikel.php?aid=3849 and in English at www.eia-international.org/cgi/news/news.cgi?t=template&a=462&source=
2 Kompas 24/Jun/08
3 Recognition of customary rights in Papua, presentation by Agus Sumule at Peace and Sustainability Session, hosted by the Institute for Environmental Security, the Hague 14-15/Mar/2007.
4 Tempo Interaktif 30/Jun/08
5 See DTE 75, DTE 69 & DTE 65 for more background.
6 See www.papua.go.id/content.php/id/439
7 The Special Autonomy law can be viewed in both Indonesian and English at www.papuaweb.org/goi/otsus/index.html. See also conference paper by Theo Van Den Broek, 2003, which translated the relevant notes at Watch Indonesia website: home.snafu.de/watchin/AfP2003broek.htm